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        <p>提到ping命令，相信大部分人都用过，比如要查一下IP，ping之；查一下网关，ping之；查一下网络状态，ping之. 由此可见，ping虽小，但却精悍. 下面我们来解读ping之原理.</p>
<p><pre><br>92 bytes from 192.168.60.147: Destination Host Unreachable<br>Vr HL TOS  Len   ID Flg  off TTL Pro  cks      Src      Dst<br> 4  5  00 5400 76e4   0 0000  3f  01 4571 192.168.1.108  192.168.60.151<br></pre></p>
<ul>
<li>Vr - 版本（ipv4、ipv6）</li>
<li>HL - IP头长度</li>
<li>TOS - 服务类型字段: 服务类型(TOS)字段包括一个3 bit的优先权子字段(现在已被忽略)，4 bit的TOS子字段和1 bit未用位但必须置0。4 bit的TOS子字段分别代表:最小时延、最大吞吐量、最高可靠性和最<br>小费用。4 bit中只能设置其中1 bit。如果所有4 bit均为0,那么就意味着是一般服务。</li>
<li>Len - IP数据报长度</li>
<li>ID - 表示数据报，通常每发送一份报文它的值就会加1</li>
<li>Flg - 分段偏移(Fragment offset)域的高3位，比特0是保留的，必须为0；比特1是“更多分片”(MF – More Fragment)标志。除了最后一片外，其他每个组成数据报的片都要把该比特置1。比特2是“不分片”(DF – DonDon’t Fragment)标志,如果将这一比特置1，IP将不对数据报进行分片,这时如果有需要进行分片的数据报到来，会丢弃此数据报并发送一个ICMP差错报文给起始端。</li>
<li>off - 分段偏移(Fragment offset)域的低13位</li>
<li>TTL - 存活时间, TTL是IP协议包中的一个值，它告诉网络路由器包在网络中的时间是否太长而应被丢弃。 即经过的最大节点数目</li>
<li>Pro - 协议族</li>
<li>cks - 校验码</li>
<li>Src - 源</li>
<li>Dst - 目的</li>
</ul>
<p>ping 使用的是<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc792.txt" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ICMP</a>协议，ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)是介于网络层和传输层的协议。它的主要功能是传输网络诊断信息。<br>ICMP传输的信息可以分为两类，一类是错误(error)信息，这一类信息可用来诊断网络故障。我们已经知道，IP协议的工作方式是“Best Effort”，如果IP包没有被传送到目的地，或者IP包发生错误，IP协议本身不会做进一步的努力。但上游发送IP包的主机和接力的路由器并不知道下游发生了错误和故障，它们可能继续发送IP包。通过ICMP包，下游的路由器和主机可以将错误信息汇报给上游，从而让上游的路由器和主机进行调整。需要注意的是，ICMP只提供特定类型的错误汇报，它不能帮助IP协议成为“可靠”(reliable)的协议。另一类信息是咨询(Informational)性质的，比如某台计算机询问路径上的每个路由器都是谁，然后各个路由器同样用ICMP包回答。</p>
<p>(ICMP基于IP协议。也就是说，一个ICMP包需要封装在IP包中，然后在互联网传送。ICMP是IP套装的必须部分，也就是说，任何一个支持IP协议的计算机，都要同时实现ICMP。)<br><a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/vamei/archive/2012/12/05/2801991.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ICMP包</a>都会有Type, Code和Checksum三部分。Type表示ICMP包的大的类型，而Code是一个Type之内细分的小类型。针对不同的错误信息或者咨询信息，会有不同的Type和Code。从上面我们可以看到，ICMP支持的类型非常多，就好像瑞士军刀一样，有各种各样的功能。Checksum与IP协议的header checksum相类似，但与IP协议中checksum只校验头部不同，这里的Checksum所校验的是整个ICMP包(包括头部和数据)。</p>
<p><img src="http://g.hiphotos.baidu.com/baike/s%3D250/sign=4e8661dcf8f2b211e02e824bfa816511/ae51f3deb48f8c54ca50c28039292df5e1fe7f99.jpg" alt="image"></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">TYPE</th>
<th style="text-align:left">CODE</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Description</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Query</th>
<th style="text-align:left">Error</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Echo Reply——回显应答（Ping应答）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
<td style="text-align:left">　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Network Unreachable——网络不可达</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Host Unreachable——主机不可达</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">2</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Protocol Unreachable——协议不可达</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Port Unreachable——端口不可达</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">4</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Fragmentation needed but no frag. bit set——需要进行分片但设置不分片比特</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Source routing failed——源站选路失败</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">6</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Destination network unknown——目的网络未知</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">7</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Destination host unknown——目的主机未知</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">8</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Source host isolated (obsolete)——源主机被隔离（作废不用）</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">9</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Destination network administratively prohibited——目的网络被强制禁止</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">10</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Destination host administratively prohibited——目的主机被强制禁止</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">11</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Network unreachable for TOS——由于服务类型TOS，网络不可达</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">12</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Host unreachable for TOS——由于服务类型TOS，主机不可达</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">13</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Communication administratively prohibited by filtering——由于过滤，通信被强制禁止</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">14</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Host precedence violation——主机越权</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">15</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Precedence cutoff in effect——优先中止生效</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">4</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Source quench——源端被关闭（基本流控制）    　    　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Redirect for network——对网络重定向    　    　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Redirect for host——对主机重定向    　    　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left">2</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Redirect for TOS and network——对服务类型和网络重定向</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">5</td>
<td style="text-align:left">3</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Redirect for TOS and host——对服务类型和主机重定向</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">8</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Echo request——回显请求（Ping请求）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
<td style="text-align:left">　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">9</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Router advertisement——路由器通告    　    　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">10</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Route solicitation——路由器请求    　    　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">11</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">TTL equals 0 during transit——传输期间生存时间为0</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">11</td>
<td style="text-align:left">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left">TTL equals 0 during reassembly——在数据报组装期间生存时间为0</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">12</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">IP header bad (catchall error)——坏的IP首部（包括各种差错）</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">12</td>
<td style="text-align:left">1</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Required options missing——缺少必需的选项</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">13</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Timestamp request (obsolete)——时间戳请求（作废不用）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">x　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">14</td>
<td style="text-align:left"></td>
<td style="text-align:left">Timestamp reply (obsolete)——时间戳应答（作废不用）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">x　</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">15</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Information request (obsolete)——信息请求（作废不用）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">16</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Information reply (obsolete)——信息应答（作废不用）</td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">17</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Address mask request——地址掩码请求</td>
<td style="text-align:left">x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">18</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">Address mask reply——地址掩码应答    　    　</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h5 id="用ping测试网络连通"><a href="#用ping测试网络连通" class="headerlink" title="用ping测试网络连通"></a>用ping测试网络连通</h5><ul>
<li>ifconifg查看网络设置</li>
<li>ping 127.0.0.1 检查本地TCP/IP协议是否OK</li>
<li>ping 本机IP地址，检查本机网卡是否OK</li>
<li>ping 网关，检查本地局域网是否OK</li>
<li>ping DNS，检查是否可以进行域名解析</li>
<li>ping 远程IP，检查是否可以连接Internet</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="0省略"><a href="#0省略" class="headerlink" title=".0省略"></a>.0省略</h5><ul>
<li>ping 127.0.0.1 = ping 127.1</li>
<li>ping 127.0.1.1 != ping 127.1.1</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="ttl妙用"><a href="#ttl妙用" class="headerlink" title="ttl妙用"></a>ttl妙用</h5><ul>
<li>traceroute命令就是利用ttl来实现<ul>
<li>IPv4中的Time to Live(TTL)和IPv6中的Hop Limit会随着经过的路由器而递减，当这个区域值减为0时，就认为该IP包超时(Time Exceeded)。Time Exceeded就是TTL减为0时的路由器发给出发主机的ICMP包，通知它发生了超时错误。<br>traceroute就利用了这种类型的ICMP包。traceroute命令用来发现IP接力路径(route)上的各个路由器。它向目的地发送IP包，第一次的时候，将TTL设置为1，引发第一个路由器的Time Exceeded错误。这样，第一个路由器回复ICMP包，从而让出发主机知道途径的第一个路由器的信息。随后TTL被设置为2、3、4，…，直到到达目的主机。这样，沿途的每个路由器都会向出发主机发送ICMP包来汇报错误。traceroute将ICMP包的信息打印在屏幕上，就是接力路径的信息了。</li>
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</li>
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